Dow Jones Stock Market indices were created by 19^th century by Wall Street Journal Editor. This index was compiled in such a way, so that you can measure the performance of the industrial components of America’s Stock market. Dow Jones industrial average is measured on the performance of 30 companies.

The present 30 companies are listed below:

Alcoa, Altria Group, American Express, American International Group, AT&T, Boeing, Caterpillar, Citygroup, Coca-Cola, DuPont, ExxonMobil, General Electric, General Motors, Hewlett-Packard, Home Depot, Honeywell, Intel, IBM, Johnson & Johnson, JPMorgan Chase, McDonald’s, Merck, Microsoft, Pfizer, Procter & Gamble, United Technologies Corporation, Verizon Communication, Wal-Mart, and Walt Disney.

When these companies are replaced by another the scale factor is also adjusted accordingly. To calculate all the DJIA, the stocks of all the companies are added and then divided by the divisor. So this calculation is a simple arithmetic average calculation. These days, however there have been a lot of complexities related to the calculations as the company mix resulted ion lots of changes in the entire calculations. The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is a collection of stocks that represent a particular section of the economy. Though previously the attention was more on heavy manufacturing (steel, automobiles, etc), economy has shifted and diversified its attention now. This is also is also reflected in DJIA. The 30 companies represented and considered for calculations from the various sectors of the highest performing regions.

In this day and age, many companies provide stock options to their employers. The benefits that come from this opportunity range, depending on the company.

When stock options are given, it essentially means that employees can purchase company stock at a price lower than the current market value. It’s a cheaper option than buying stock independently. This often causes instability on the company’s side because stock options cause somewhat of a price dilution. Regular market values are lowered and the true value of the stock isn’t accumulating as fast at the employee stock price.

This is where the benefit comes into play. When company stock lowers due to a decline in the market, the executives can jump on the chance to purchase more (and cheaper) stock. As the market changes, the purchase price of the stock options for employees may change as well. In addition to these elements, the company is able to control much of its money from within. Providing stock options, while appealing to the employee, is really just bringing more money into the company itself.

Such a great amount of control is put into the hands of the executives that it would be difficult to not see a clear benefit on the company’s side.

A put option usually called a “put” is in essence a financially binding contract between the buyer and the put writer of the option. The put allows the option buyer the right but not the obligation to sell a commodity or financial instrument. The option buyer purchases the contract based on ‘what ifs’. The buyer speculates and the seller or writer is obligated to payout if he speculates correctly. At times the concept can be very confusing. The process starts with the writer of the put option. In essence his contract states, the value of the stock in ABC Company limited is $50.00 per share as at today’s date; the writer states that they will buy 100 shares if the price of the share falls to $40.00 per share within the next six months. You might ask what good is this to you. However you pay a premium per share to purchase this option contract. Assuming the seller states $5.00 per share as a premium you would have to put upfront $500.00. Now if within the six months the price falls $40.00 then you can purchase 100 shares of ABC stock at $40.00 each and the writer would then buy them from you at $50.00 each. This is a very good profit. However if the price does not reach $40.00 after that time then you would have lost the premium. This is a very common type of stock option put.

To assist with this we have added the definition to some terms that are commonly used when dealing with stock option puts:

• Writer – The seller of the option contract
• Buyer – The person that enters into the contract with the writer or buyer.
• Spot Price – The price of the stock or commodity at market.
• Strike Price – The price as stipulated by the contract.
• The Premium – The amount the buyer pays to enter into the contract.

The real trick in stock option puts is that the writer or the seller agrees to buy the stock IF the buyer exercises the option. The consideration in the contract is the fee or the premium that the buyer pays up to have the option to do so. There are some differences in stock option, the most notable being in the European types versus the American type stock option. The European stock option put permits the buyer to only exercise the stock option put for only a short period of time that is up to the point of the expiration of the option. The American stock option put allows the buyer to exercise the option at any time during the life of the option contract.

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